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- Resumen es exacto "This thesis is centered in the implementation of optical tools to improve the sensitivity of quantitative measurements. Aiming to assess typical problems in biological and chemical applications, the strategies can be divided in two areas. On the one hand, the unique properties of lanthanides were successfully used in our advantage to construct nanosensors with a high signal/background ratio, of particular importance in the analysis of turbid or highly scattering media. With this objective in mind, a spectrometer was adapted to measure simultaneously the lifetime decay and stationary spectra of upconverting nanoparticles, allowing for the spectral characterization in both dynamical and stationary domains. On the other hand, we built a Microscope based in Fourier Ptychography allowing phase contrast imaging and resolution increase up to the limit of diffraction. This technique is perfectly suitable for large field of view applications with no loss of resolving power, with additional sensitivity to measure refractive indexes and sample heights. A laboratory prototype was constructed and used to elaborate robustness improvement techniques, a crucial need in an industrial environment. As a whole, both techniques provide a mean to study media in a minimally invasive manner, favoring the observation of biological and chemical phenomena in their natural environment with low noise and high resolving power. Technology transfer strategies were developed to introduce their application in specific industrial solutions such as effluent characterization and heat interchanging systems analysis or thin sample petrographic imaging in the petrochemical industry thus demonstrating the practical potential of the presented techniques."
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