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- Resumen es exacto "Uniaxial crystals are widely used in polarization control, either as polarizers or retarders. This work is mainly focused on the retardance characteristics associated to uniaxial crystals. We study retarders by means of the phase shift they introduce. In order to do so, we theoretically and experimentally analyze diferent reection and transmission setups. We propose the study of fringe patterns as tools of analysis and characterization of birefringent retarders and uniaxial crystals. Moreover, we apply diferent interferometric techniques according to the characteristics of the patterns. This study has led us to implement novel techniques. Among the most relevant results this Thesis others, we can nd explicit formulae for the phase shift in uniaxial media. These expressions are analytically deduced from Maxwell Equations, with no limits on the optical axis orientation, direction of incidence, or level of birefringence. This result allowed us to study important components for the control of polarization, such as wave plates. We developed tools to analyze their performance as retarders, and _nd manufacturing imperfections. Moreover, the generality of the results obtained allows us not only to study retarder plates, but also the retarding characteristics of uniaxial crystals with diferent cleavages and cuts. We show how to characterize both wave plates and anisotropic crystals by means of theoretical and experimental analysis of conoscopic interference patterns. The retardance characteristics studied were used to develop a simple phase shifter, which was applied in phase shifting interferometry techniques. We also designed a birefringent phase analyzer that measures phase shifts. These techniques were used to experimentally characterize uniaxial crystals and commercial retarders."
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