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- Resumen es exacto "The study introduces a new approach to assess the flow liquefaction vulnerability of tailings dams using numerical simulation. Tailings dams store mining waste: the rock is crushed and subjected to mineral extraction processes while the residue, a mixture of water and rock flour, is hydraulically deposited and discharged in loose and saturated conditions, contained by dams built with natural soils or with the same tailings. Due to the characteristics of tailings and their method of deposition, tailings dams are, in general, vulnerable to the phenomenon of liquefaction failure, especially those built using the upstream method. The failure rate of tailings dams over the past 100 years is estimated at 1.2%, for an inventory of 18401 mines in 2010 [1]. In particular, some recent tailings deposit failures like Fundão (Brazil) in 2015 [2, 3], Cadia Valley (Australia) in 2018 [4], and Brumadinho (Brazil) in 2019 [5, 6] showed deficiencies in design and governance procedures concerning the problem of liquefaction failure. These and other failures have resulted in significant numbers of fatalities and considerable environmental impacts [7, 8, 9]. The proposed liquefaction vulnerability assessment procedure tests the resilience of a dam by simulating a set of deteriorating events and simulating the propagation of liquefaction as a progressive failure employing a 3D extension of the Modified Pastor-Zienkiewicz constitutive model (MPZ). The original contributions of this research work are: i) the extension to the three dimensional stress space of the MPZ model; ii) its numerical implementation as a user model in the finite element software Plaxis [10]; and (iii) the development of a procedure for analyzing the vulnerability of tailings dam to liquefaction."
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